本文提供 Linux 指令的結構化分類索引，涵蓋系統管理核心領域。每類列出代表性指令，供查閱與建立知識地圖使用。具體用法請參考 man 或 tldr。

📁 檔案與目錄操作

• 基礎操作：ls, cd, pwd, mkdir, rmdir, rm, cp, mv, touch, ln (硬/軟連結)
• 屬性與權限：chmod, chown, chgrp, chattr (不可變/僅追加), lsattr, umask, getfacl/setfacl (ACL)
• 搜尋與查找：find (神器), locate/updatedb, which, whereis, type
• 內容查看：cat, tac, less/more, head/tail (-f 追蹤), stat
• 文字處理：grep/egrep/fgrep, sed, awk, cut, sort, uniq, wc, tr, tee, diff/diffstat, patch
• 壓縮與封存：tar, gzip/gunzip, bzip2, xz, zstd, zip/unzip, cpio

💾 磁碟、分區與檔案系統

• 分區工具：fdisk (MBR), gdisk/parted (GPT), cfdisk (TUI)
• 檔案系統建立/檢查：mkfs.ext4/xfs/btrfs/vfat, fsck/e2fsck/xfs_repair, blkid, lsblk -f
• 掛載與配額：mount/umount, findmnt, /etc/fstab, quotaon/off, repquota, edquota
• 邏輯卷管理 (LVM)：pvcreate/vgcreate/lvcreate, lvextend/lvreduce, vgextend, pvmove, lvrename, vgcfgbackup/restore
• RAID：mdadm (建立/管理/監控軟體 RAID)
• 磁碟效能：hdparm, fio (基準測試), iostat, iotop
• 其他：dd (底層複製/備份), sfdisk, partprobe, blockdev, wipefs

🌐 網路配置、傳輸與診斷

• 現代配置：ip (addr/link/route/neigh), nmcli (NetworkManager), nmtui (TUI)
• 傳統工具 (仍常用)：ifconfig, route, netstat, arp, iwconfig/iwlist (無線)
• 連線測試：ping, tracepath/traceroute, nc/ncat, telnet, ssh/scp/sftp, ssh-copy-id
• 頻寬/流量分析：iftop, nethogs, vnstat, bmon, tcptrack, ss (socket 統計), tcpdump/wireshark (抓包)
• 傳輸工具：rsync (增量同步神器), scp, sftp, wget, curl, axel/aria2c (多執行緒下載), rclone (雲存儲同步)
• 防火牆：firewall-cmd, iptables/ip6tables, nft (nftables), ufw
• 服務：systemctl, journalctl, sshd, nginx/apachectl, docker/podman

👤 用戶、群組與權限

• useradd/usermod/userdel, groupadd/groupmod/groupdel, passwd, chage (密碼期限), id, groups, who/w, last/lastlog, visudo, su/sudo, newgrp, getent passwd/group

⚙️ 進程、服務與系統控制

• 進程檢視：ps (aux/ef/f), top/htop, pstree, pgrep/pkill, pidstat
• 控制：kill/killall/pkill, nice/renice, nohup, disown, systemctl (start/stop/enable/status/logs)
• 資源限制：ulimit, /etc/security/limits.conf, cgroups (systemd-run, docker)

📦 套件管理

• RPM 系：rpm (-q/-i/-e/-U/-V), yum/dnf (install/update/remove/search/info/history/repolist), dnf module
• DEB 系：dpkg (-i/-r/-l/-L/-c), apt/apt-get (update/upgrade/install/remove/search/show/autoremove), apt-cache, apt-file
• 通用/新興：flatpak, snap, appimage, brew (Linuxbrew)

🕐 定時任務與啟動

• crontab (-e/-l/-r), /etc/crontab, /etc/cron.d/, anacron, systemd-timer (現代替代品), at/batch (一次性)

🔧 系統資訊、核心與硬體

• uname, hostnamectl, lscpu, lsmem, lsblk, lspci, lsusb, dmidecode, dmesg, journalctl -k, sysctl, /proc//sys 虛擬檔案系統探查

🔐 安全與審計

• chage, passwd, faillock/pam_tally2, auditctl/ausearch/aureport, selinux (getenforce, setenforce, semanage, restorecon), apparmor, ssh-keygen, gpg, openssl

📝 編輯器與腳本

• vim/vi/nano, bash/zsh/fish, awk/sed 進階, expect (自動互動), parallel (並行執行)

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學習建議：不必死記所有參數。建立「高頻核心指令肌肉記憶」(ls, cd, cp, mv, rm, grep, sed, awk, tar, ssh, systemctl, journalctl, ip, ss, ps, top, find, chmod, chown)，其餘遇到場景查手冊、搜範例。善用 man -k keyword (apropos) 反向查找命令。