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Linux系統下對硬盤分區進行擴容的方法總結

   硬盤快滿了,加硬盤擴容,不管是獨立的服務器,還是雲空間新買的硬盤,擴容方式一樣。下面以阿裡VPS為例,詳細說一下,掛載硬盤擴容的2種方法。

  阿裡VPS,個人覺得有以下二個方面需要改進

  1,默認不是lvm,所以系統盤/dev/xvda1是不能擴容的,所以如果有大數據的東西,一開始就要考慮到擴容的問題。數據量越大,操作風險越大。

  2,不能實現無縫擴容,也就是說,在後台擴容一下,不用登錄到VPS,進行調整。非專業人士,擴容困難

  一,不采用lvm,直接將硬盤掛載到目錄

  1,查看硬盤分區情況

  代碼如下:

  [root@iZ94zz3wqciZ ~]# df

  Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on

  /dev/xvda1 20641404 14778400 4814480 76% /

  tmpfs 509300 0 509300 0% /dev/shm

  [root@iZ94zz3wqciZ ~]# fdisk -l

  Disk /dev/xvda: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes

  255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders

  Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

  Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

  I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

  Disk identifier: 0x00078f9c

  Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System

  /dev/xvda1 * 1 2611 20970496 83 Linux //id是83,非lvm

  Disk /dev/xvdb: 23.6 GB, 23622320128 bytes //新買的硬盤

  255 heads, 56 sectors/track, 3230 cylinders

  Units = cylinders of 14280 * 512 = 7311360 bytes

  Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

  I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

  Disk identifier: 0x27cc1f5a

  2,硬盤分區並查看分區情況

  代碼如下:

  [root@iZ94zz3wqciZ ~]# fdisk -S 56 /dev/xvdb //分區

  WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to

  switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to

  sectors (command 'u').

  Command (m for help): n //輸入n

  Command action

  e extended

  p primary partition (1-4)

  p //主分區

  Partition number (1-4): 1 //分區號1

  First cylinder (1-3230, default 1):

  Using default value 1

  Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-3230, default 3230):

  Using default value 3230

  Command (m for help): wq //保存並退出

  The partition table has been altered!

  [root@iZ94zz3wqciZ ~]# fdisk -l

  Disk /dev/xvda: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes

  255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders

  Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

  Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

  I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

  Disk identifier: 0x00078f9c

  Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System

  /dev/xvda1 * 1 2611 20970496 83 Linux

  Disk /dev/xvdb: 23.6 GB, 23622320128 bytes

  255 heads, 56 sectors/track, 3230 cylinders

  Units = cylinders of 14280 * 512 = 7311360 bytes

  Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

  I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

  Disk identifier: 0x27cc1f5a

  Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System

  /dev/xvdb1 1 3230 23062172 83 Linux //分區後

  3,格式化新分區xvdb1

  代碼如下:

  [root@iZ94zz3wqciZ ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/xvdb1 //格式化分區

  mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)

  Filesystem label=

  OS type: Linux

  Block size=4096 (log=2)

  Fragment size=4096 (log=2)

  Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks

  1441792 inodes, 5765543 blocks

  288277 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user

  First data block=0

  Maximum filesystem blocks=4294967296

  176 block groups

  32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group

  8192 inodes per group

  Superblock backups stored on blocks:

  32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208,

  4096000

  Writing inode tables: done

  Creating journal (32768 blocks): done

  Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

  This filesystem will be automatically checked every 35 mounts or

  180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.

  4,創建目錄,並掛載分區

  代碼如下:

  [root@iZ94zz3wqciZ ~]# mkdir /mnt/fastdfs //掛載目錄

  [root@iZ94zz3wqciZ ~]# echo "/dev/xvdb1 /mnt/fastdfs ext4 defaults 0 0" >> /etc/fstab //重啟會自動掛載

  [root@iZ94zz3wqciZ ~]# mount -a //掛載所有目錄

  [root@iZ94zz3wqciZ ~]# df

  Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on

  /dev/xvda1 20641404 14778404 4814476 76% /

  tmpfs 509300 0 509300 0% /dev/shm

  /dev/xvdb1 22694396 176064 21365516 1% /mnt/fastdfs //新的分區已掛載

  到這兒,就把一塊獨立的硬盤加到系統當中了。這種擴容的方式操作簡單,但是擴展性不強,不推薦這種擴容方式。

  二,采用lvm的方式,進行硬盤擴容(推薦)

  1,取消前面測試的掛載,並刪除分區

  代碼如下:

  [root@iZ94zz3wqciZ ~]# umount -a //取消掛載

  [root@iZ94zz3wqciZ ~]# fdisk /dev/xvdb //分區

  WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to

  switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to

  sectors (command 'u').

  Command (m for help): d //刪除分區

  Selected partition 1

  Command (m for help): wq //保存

  The partition table has been altered!

  2,安裝lvm

  代碼如下:

  [root@iZ94zz3wqciZ nginx]# uname -a //查看內核信息

  Linux iZ94zz3wqciZ 2.6.32-431.23.3.el6.x86_64 #1 SMP Thu Jul 31 17:20:51 UTC 2014 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux

  [root@iZ94zz3wqciZ ~]# yum install lvm2 device-mapper //安裝 LVM2,2.6.9以後版本不用裝device-mapper

  [root@iZ94zz3wqciZ nginx]# lsmod | grep dm_mod //是否加載了dm_mod

  dm_mod 84337 5 dm_mirror,dm_log

  lvm的安裝,首先加載device-mapper模塊,從linux內核2.6.9開始,device-mapper模塊就已經包含在內,所以你只需加載即可。加載mapper模塊:modprobe dm_mod。

  3,創建lvm分區

  代碼如下:

  [root@iZ94zz3wqciZ ~]# fdisk /dev/xvdb //分區

  WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to

  switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to

  sectors (command 'u').

  Command (m for help): l

  0 Empty 24 NEC DOS 81 Minix / old Lin bf Solaris

  1 FAT12 39 Plan 9 82 Linux swap / So c1 DRDOS/sec (FAT-

  2 XENIX root 3c PartitionMagic 83 Linux c4 DRDOS/sec (FAT-

  3 XENIX usr 40 Venix 80286 84 OS/2 hidden C: c6 DRDOS/sec (FAT-

  4 FAT16 <32M 41 PPC PReP Boot 85 Linux extended c7 Syrinx

  5 Extended 42 SFS 86 NTFS volume set da Non-FS data

  6 FAT16 4d QNX4.x 87 NTFS volume set db CP/M / CTOS / .

  7 HPFS/NTFS 4e QNX4.x 2nd part 88 Linux plaintext de Dell Utility

  8 AIX 4f QNX4.x 3rd part 8e Linux LVM df BootIt

  9 AIX bootable 50 OnTrack DM 93 Amoeba e1 DOS access

  a OS/2 Boot Manag 51 OnTrack DM6 Aux 94 Amoeba BBT e3 DOS R/O

  b W95 FAT32 52 CP/M 9f BSD/OS e4 SpeedStor

  c W95 FAT32 (LBA) 53 OnTrack DM6 Aux a0 IBM Thinkpad hi eb BeOS fs

  e W95 FAT16 (LBA) 54 OnTrackDM6 a5 FreeBSD ee GPT

  f W95 Ext'd (LBA) 55 EZ-Drive a6 OpenBSD ef EFI (FAT-12/16/

  10 OPUS 56 Golden Bow a7 NeXTSTEP f0 Linux/PA-RISC b

  11 Hidden FAT12 5c Priam Edisk a8 Darwin UFS f1 SpeedStor

  12 Compaq diagnost 61 SpeedStor a9 NetBSD f4 SpeedStor

  14 Hidden FAT16 <3 63 GNU HURD or Sys ab Darwin boot f2 DOS secondary

  16 Hidden FAT16 64 Novell Netware af HFS / HFS+ fb VMware VMFS

  17 Hidden HPFS/NTF 65 Novell Netware b7 BSDI fs fc VMware VMKCORE

  18 AST SmartSleep 70 DiskSecure Mult b8 BSDI swap fd Linux raid auto

  1b Hidden W95 FAT3 75 PC/IX bb Boot Wizard hid fe LANstep

  1c Hidden W95 FAT3 80 Old Minix be Solaris boot ff BBT

  1e Hidden W95 FAT1

  Command (m for help): n

  Command action

  e extended

  p primary partition (1-4)

  p

  Partition number (1-4): 1

  First cylinder (1-2871, default 1):

  Using default value 1

  Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-2871, default 2871):

  Using default value 2871

  Command (m for help): p

  Disk /dev/xvdb: 23.6 GB, 23622320128 bytes

  255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2871 cylinders

  Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

  Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

  I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

  Disk identifier: 0x27cc1f5a

  Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System

  /dev/xvdb1 1 2871 23061276 83 Linux //不是lvm分區格式

  Command (m for help): t //轉換

  Selected partition 1

  Hex code (type L to list codes): 8e //換成8e

  Changed system type of partition 1 to 8e (Linux LVM)

  Command (m for help): p

  Disk /dev/xvdb: 23.6 GB, 23622320128 bytes

  255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2871 cylinders

  Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

  Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

  I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

  Disk identifier: 0x27cc1f5a

  Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System

  /dev/xvdb1 1 2871 23061276 8e Linux LVM //現在lvm分區格式了

  Command (m for help): wq

  The partition table has been altered!

  Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.

  Syncing disks.

  4,創建邏輯卷組,以及邏輯卷等

  代碼如下:

  [root@iZ94zz3wqciZ ~]# pvcreate /dev/xvdb1 //創建物理卷

  Physical volume "/dev/xvdb1" successfully created

  [root@iZ94zz3wqciZ ~]# vgcreate myfiles /dev/xvdb1 //創建邏輯卷組

  Volume group "myfiles" successfully created

  [root@iZ94zz3wqciZ ~]# vgchange -ay myfiles //激活邏輯卷組

  0 logical volume(s) in volume group "myfiles" now active

  [root@iZ94zz3wqciZ ~]# vgdisplay myfiles | grep "Total PE" //查看該卷組所有的PE

  Total PE 5629

  [root@iZ94zz3wqciZ ~]# lvcreate -l 5629 -n fastdfs myfiles //創建邏輯卷

  Logical volume "fastdfs" created.

  5,格式化邏輯卷

  代碼如下:

  [root@iZ94zz3wqciZ ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/myfiles/fastdfs //格式化邏輯卷

  mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)

  Filesystem label=

  OS type: Linux

  Block size=4096 (log=2)

  Fragment size=4096 (log=2)

  Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks

  1441792 inodes, 5764096 blocks

  288204 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user

  First data block=0

  Maximum filesystem blocks=4294967296

  176 block groups

  32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group

  8192 inodes per group

  Superblock backups stored on blocks:

  32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208,

  4096000

  Writing inode tables: done

  Creating journal (32768 blocks): done

  Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

  This filesystem will be automatically checked every 39 mounts or

  180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.

  6,設置自動掛載,並查看分區

  復制代碼

  代碼如下:

  [root@iZ94zz3wqciZ ~]# echo '/dev/myfiles/fastdfs /mnt/fastdfs ext4 defaults 0 0' >> /etc/fstab //自動掛載

  [root@iZ94zz3wqciZ ~]# mount -a //手動掛載

  [root@iZ94zz3wqciZ ~]# df

  Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on

  /dev/xvda1 20641404 14778608 4814272 76% /

  tmpfs 509300 0 509300 0% /dev/shm

  /dev/mapper/myfiles-fastdfs

  22694396 176064 21365516 1% /mnt/fastdfs //lvm邏輯卷已掛載

  [root@iZ94zz3wqciZ ~]# reboot //操作完最好重啟一下

  7,再擴容一塊硬盤到已有邏輯卷

  代碼如下:

  [root@iZ94zz3wqciZ ~]# fdisk /dev/xvdc //詳細過程同上,就不詳細說明了

  [root@iZ94zz3wqciZ ~]# reboot

  [root@iZ94zz3wqciZ ~]# pvcreate /dev/xvdc1 //創建物理卷

  Physical volume "/dev/xvdc1" successfully created

  [root@iZ94zz3wqciZ ~]# vgextend myfiles /dev/xvdc1 //將新硬盤加入卷組

  Volume group "myfiles" successfully extended

  [root@iZ94zz3wqciZ ~]# vgdisplay myfiles | grep "Total PE" //查看所有PE

  Total PE 6907

  [root@iZ94zz3wqciZ ~]# lvresize -l 6907 /dev/myfiles/fastdfs //重新規定大小

  Size of logical volume myfiles/fastdfs changed from 21.99 GiB (5629 extents) to 26.98 GiB (6907 extents).

  Logical volume fastdfs successfully resized

  [root@iZ94zz3wqciZ ~]# resize2fs /dev/myfiles/fastdfs //重新規定大小

  resize2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)

  Filesystem at /dev/myfiles/fastdfs is mounted on /mnt/fastdfs; on-line resizing required

  old desc_blocks = 2, new_desc_blocks = 2

  Performing an on-line resize of /dev/myfiles/fastdfs to 7072768 (4k) blocks.

  The filesystem on /dev/myfiles/fastdfs is now 7072768 blocks long.

  [root@iZ94zz3wqciZ ~]# df -h

  Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on

  /dev/xvda1 20G 15G 4.6G 76% /

  tmpfs 498M 0 498M 0% /dev/shm

  /dev/mapper/myfiles-fastdfs

  27G 172M 26G 1% /mnt/fastdfs //新的5G硬盤加上去了

  如果是頻繁的擴容硬盤的話,LVM是首選,擴展真的很方便。

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